In postnatal life, bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly being resorbed and remodeled. At the beginning of primary ossification center formation, perichondrial progenitor cells and blood vessels extend into cartilage lacuna left by the degeneration of chondrocytes in the cartilage template, and then new bone marrow is formed ( Maes et al., 2010 Ono et al., 2014). After LMPs differentiate into cartilage, long bones are built through endochondral ossification. During embryogenesis, mesoderm-derived limb bud mesenchymal progenitors (LMPs) differentiate into osteochondrogenic lineages and generate primitive cartilage templates. The bone formation depends on the activation and recruitment of osteogenic stem/progenitor cells during bone development, reconstruction, and fracture repair. Here, we reviewed the research progress of scRNA-seq technology in the identification of osteogenic markers and differentiation pathways, MSC-related new insights drawn from single-cell technology combined with experimental technology, and recent findings regarding the interaction between stem cell fate and niche in homeostasis and pathological process. The rapid advancement of lineage tracing methods and single-cell technology has made substantial progress in the characterization of osteogenic stem/progenitor cell populations in MSCs. However, MSCs exhibit heterogeneity at multiple levels including different tissue sources and subpopulations which exhibit diversified gene expression and differentiation capacity, and surface markers used to predict cell differentiation potential remain to be further elucidated. They also respond flexibly to regenerative and anabolic signals emitted by the surrounding microenvironment, thereby maintaining bone homeostasis and participating in bone remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various tissues can differentiate into the progenitor cell of osteogenic lineage and serve as the main source of osteoblasts. Osteoblasts continuously replenished by osteoblast progenitor cells form the basis of bone development, maintenance, and regeneration.
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